Unit+5-+World+War+I

=Unit 5: World War I= toc

Chronology
**1879:** Dual Alliance Begins § Austria administers to Bosnia and Herzegovina **1881:** Three Emperor’s League Begins **1887:** Three Emperor’s League Ends, Reinsurance Treaty Begins **1890:** Reinsurance Treaty Ends **1895:** Franco-Russian Alliance Begins **1902:** Anglo-Japanese Alliance Begins **1907:** Anglo-Russian Entente Begins **Triple Entente**
 * 1/18/1871:** Bismarck completes efforts to unify Prussia and the German kingdoms and has King Wilhelm I proclaimed Kaiser.
 * 5/10/1871:** France forced to sign humiliating treaty with Germany to end Franco-Prussian War
 * 1878:** Congress of Berlin
 * 1882:** Triple Alliance Begins
 * 1888:** Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser
 * 1894:** Nicolas crowned Tsar, Germany and Russia begin their adversary relationship
 * 1901:** Great Britain’s Queen Victoria dies.
 * 1904-1905:** Russia defeated in Russo-Japanese War. Major Civil Unrest in Russia, Entente Cordiale Begins
 * 1905:** Schlieffen Plan
 * January 22, 1906:** Cossacks open fire on peaceful workers
 * 1906:** Britain Decides to Outspend Germany Over Navy
 * 1908:** Dual Monarchy’s Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 1912:** First and Second Balkan Wars

Triple Alliance Ends Anglo-Russian Entente Ends
 * 1914:**
 * 6/28:** Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 * 7/6:** “Blank Cheque” between Germany and Austria-Hungary
 * 7/28:** Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
 * 7/31:** Russia mobilizes against Austria-Hungary
 * 8/1:** German mobilizes against Russia.
 * 8/3:** Germany declares war on France
 * 8/4:** Germany declares war on neutral Belgium and invades with Schlieffen Plan. Britain declares war on Germany.
 * 8/6:** Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
 * 8/17:** Russia invades East Prussia
 * 8/26-30:** German army achieves greatest victory of the war at the Battle of Tennenberg against Russia.
 * 9/5-10:** First Battle of the Marne results in stalemate

Armenian Genocide
 * 1915:**
 * 1/19:** Becomes Total War with German Zeppelin air raid on England
 * 2/4:** Germany declares a submarine blockade of Great Britain. Any ship approaching England is considered a legitimate target. (Unrestricted Submarine Warfare)
 * 3/11:** Britain announces blockade of all German ports
 * 4/25:** Allies begin nine-month battle for Gallipoli
 * 5/7:** U-Boat sinks the Lusitania. 1,198 civilians, including 128 Americans die.
 * 5/23:** Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary
 * 8/30:** Responding to American demands, Germany stops sinking ships without warning.
 * 9/5:** Tsar Nicholas takes command of Russian armies
 * 12/28:** Allies begin the withdrawal of troops from Gallipoli


 * 1916:**
 * 2/10:** British conscription law goes into effect
 * 2/21-12/18:** Battle of Verdun, longest and most costly battle
 * 4/19:** Woodrow Wilson publicly warns Germany not to continue unrestricted submarine warfare
 * 5/4:** Germany renounces submarine policy
 * 5/31-6/1:** The Battle of Jutland, only major naval engagement, no clear winner
 * 7/1-11/18:** The Battle of the Somme
 * 8/31:** Germany suspends U-Boat attacks
 * 10/15:** Germany resumes U-Boat attacks under search and destroy rules
 * 11/7:** Wilson is re-elected
 * 12/31:** Rasputin is murdered

Franco-Russian Alliance Ends
 * 1917:**
 * 1/19:** Zimmerman Telegram is discovered and translated by the British
 * 2/1:** Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare.
 * 3/15:** Tsar Nicholas II abdicates throne. Provisional gov. declared.
 * 4/6:** Wilson declares war.
 * 4/16:** Lenin arrives in Russia, Chemin des Dames offensive begins.
 * April-June:** French soldiers mutiny, go on strike, and refuse to continue failed offensive at Chemin des Dames
 * 8/5:** Kerensky appointed Prime Minister of Russia
 * 11/7:** Bolshevik socialists overthrow Kerensky’s government and install a Communist one under Lenin.
 * 12/3:** Trotsky’s new government signs an armistice with Germany.
 * 12/7:** The United States declares war on Austria-Hungary
 * 12/22:** Russia opens separate peace negations with Germany at Brest-Litovsk

Dual Alliance Ends Entente Cordiale Ends **1922:** Anglo-Japanese Alliance Ends
 * 1918:**
 * 1/8:** Wilson declares his 14 points.
 * 3/15:** Soviets ratify Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
 * 3/21:** The Ludendorff Offensive Begins
 * 5/31:** Germans are stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne
 * 10/3:** Germany and Austria send peace notes to Wilson requesting and armistice
 * 11/5:** Allies accept the fourteen points
 * 11/9:** Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates
 * 11/10:** German republic founded as Kaiser Wilhelm II flees to Holland
 * 11/11:** Armistice day as fighting ceases at 11 am – World War I ends. Central Powers are forced to annul the Brest-Litovsk Treaty.

**People:**
//Jean Jaures:// Socialist, member of French parliament, thinks money should improve people’s lives, not the military. //Lenin:// radical socialist, Bolshevik, created Communism in Russia //Rasputin:// Self-proclaimed faith healer, advisor to Tsar Nicholas, has an affair with //Tsarina Alexandra// : when Nicholas goes to the front he and Alexandra dismiss all the good officials, is eventually assassinated. //Gavrilo Princep:// Nineteen year old Serb and member of the Black Hand who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand //Tsar Nicholas II:// Tsar of Russia //Kaiser Wilhelm II:// Leader of Germany //Georges Clemenceau:// French representative at the Treaty of Versailles //Woodrow Wilson:// President of the United States, Fourteen Points //David Lloyd George:// British representative at the Treaty of Versailles //Vittorio Orlando:// Italian representative at the Treaty of Versailles //Franz Ferdinand:// Austrian archduke who was assassinated. //German Delegation:// We deserve a peace of right. The Versailles Treaty is unfair and we deserve better. Self-determination, a right to our land, etc. //Sigmund Freud:// Disillusionment //Valery:// Disillusionment. “The mind has indeed been cruelly wounded; its complaint is head in the hearts of intellectual man; it passes a mournful judgment on itself. It doubts itself profoundly” //Russell:// War was wrongly welcomed by everyone, proving a human love of destruction, barbarism, and popularity.

**Terms**
1. Permanent destruction of French/Belgian forts 2. Control coast along English Channel so GB can’t put force on continent. 3. Push Russian Border well into the East 4. Set up **Middle-Europa** : custom free economic block-links A-H-could include other countries
 * 1917: Zimmerman Telegram:** Sent by Germany to a Mexican ambassador, saying if U.S. attacks us encourage Mexico to attack the U.S. The British decoded the Telegram
 * Contraband:** Goods that directly support a war effort.
 * Weltpolitik:** The foreign policy strategy attributed to Germany after 1890 that represented Wilhelm’s attempt to make Germany a world power.
 * Nicky-Willy Telegrams:** Telegrams between Tsar Nicholas II and Kaiser Wilhelm II. Trying to prevent war.
 * Militarism:** Ideology and practices that reinforce the importance of military in society
 * 1918: Ludendorff Offensive:** Last attempt by Germany to win.
 * 1918: Nivelle Offensive:** French offensive campaign-the soldiers said no
 * Suffragettes:** Women’s attempt to gain the right to vote.
 * 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:** Germans request most of Russia’s coal mines and a ton of land from Russia. Proves Germany’s real goals in the war.
 * Anschluss:** Prohibition against union of Germany and Austria
 * September Program:** articulated by Germans in September 1914 as a goal for World War I

**Major Battles**

 * 1914:**
 * **Battle of Tennenberg:** Germans win greatest victory of the war against Russians.
 * **First Battle of the Marne:** French stop German Schlieffen Plan. This leads to a two front war for Germany
 * 1915:**
 * **Battle at Gallipoli:** Italy and the Allies try to get supplies to Russia
 * 1916:**
 * **Verdun:** Initiated by the Germans, intent to win the war through attrition. The casualties on both sides were upward of 1 million men killed or wounded. Tie.
 * **The Battle of Jutland:** The only major naval battle, Germans trying to break blockade, tie.
 * **The Battle of The Somme:** British counter-attack against Germany, ended up in a tie

**Peace Settlement**

 * Clemenceau:** opposed corruption, racism, and anti-democratic forces. Wants to ensure French security through restitution, reparations, and guarantees.
 * George:** wanted to destroy Berlin’s naval, commercial, and colonial positions. Wanted to ensure his political positions at home
 * Wilson:** Fourteen points. Democracy and Trade
 * Fourteen Points:** First five points dealt with freedom of seas, removal of economic barriers, equality of trade, reductions in natural armaments, and readjustment of colonial claims. Next eight points= evacuation and restoration of Allied territory, self-determination, re-drawing of European borders. Fourteenth=League of Nations
 * **Country** |||| **War/Peace Aims** ||
 * United States |||| * Make World Safe For Democracy
 * Power
 * Prevention ||
 * England |||| * Want to stop Germany (France/Belgium)
 * Keep their navy the strongest.
 * Protection from Germany ||
 * France |||| * Protection from Germany
 * Security/Revenge ||
 * Germany || * Land
 * Power || * Keep Land
 * Keep People ||

War Guilt
· Article 231 Specified Germany was morally and legally responsible for the war · Need to repay the victors (reparations) o Private citizens have assets that were liquidated to pay back the Allies · Allies get Germany’s merchant marine fleet Territory · Germany loses control of Saar basin for 15 years o Coal mines · Give Alsace-Lorraine back to France · Surrender control of colonies in Africa and Pacific o Supposed to become mandates of League of Nations o Get transferred to Britain, France, and Japan · Creation of Poland and Czechoslavakia · Creation of Polish Corridor o Separates Germany into two parts · Germany formally repudiates Brest-Litovsk · Anschluss o Prohibition against union of Germany and Austria o Not to let Austria and Germany circle Czech. or strengthen Germany demographically Military · Germany has to rapidly de-mobilize · Army of 100,000 · No submarines or air force · Limited surface fleet-rest of fleet is sunk · No more peacetime conscription · The Rhineland has to be de-militarized and occupied by foreign “inspectors” (troops) for 15 years League of Nations · Designed to promote __collective security__ · Countries would determine who was the aggressor and hen attack · Germany and Russia were excluded · U.S. didn’t join o 1918: Wilson’s party became the minority in Legislature. o Treaty is not ratified by the U.S. o Isolates the U.S.

**Treaties**

 * The Treaty of St. Germaine: Austria (1919)
 * Neuilly: Bulgaria (1919)
 * Sevres: Turkey (1920; refused 1923)
 * Trianon: Hungary (1920)