Unit+6-+Revolutions

=Unit 6: Revolutions= toc //Brief Summary//: People all around hate their lives -> Lots of revolts to overthrow the government. //Some questions//:
 * What is a revolution?
 * What causes a revolution?
 * Does it follow Brinton's revolutionary model?
 * Does Brinton's model apply to India and China?
 * How did Marxism affect the revolution?
 * Given information about a country, is it on the brink o revolution?
 * Does India fit Brinton's model?
 * If no, is it because India is not a revolution, or because the model is flawed?

//Important sheets//
 * Crane Brinton's model revolution sheet
 * Peach "REVOLUTIONS!" reader

Revolting Russia
__Pages that can be referred to:__
 * 840-846 in the Textbook: //Revolution in Russia, 1917 and 1928-1939//
 * 707-708 in the Textbook: //The Revolution of 1905 and its Aftermath//
 * 786-787 in the Textbook: Lenin and the Bolsheviks

__Timeline:__
(see p. 9 in reader)
 * 1905
 * Bloody Sunday: January 22~Cossacks open fire on peaceful crowd of workers at St. Petersburg
 * The October Manifesto: Promised freedom
 * Russia took steps to becoming a constitutional monarchy
 * 1917
 * February Revolution: Strike breaks out in Petrograd factory
 * March 11, 1917: Tsar dismisses the Duma
 * March 15, 1917: The Tsar (Nicholas II) abdicates his throne
 * The moderates and liberals in the Provisional Government gave Russia freedoms
 * Lenin returns to Russia to lead the revolution
 * July Days: Revolts in Petrograd and Soldiers begin to desert in large numbers
 * Kerensky (with aid of Bolsheviks) suppresses Kornilov's Revolt
 * Bolsheviks dissolve Provisional Government and take control of Russia
 * 1918-1921
 * First constitution is created
 * Treaty of Brest-Litovsk takes Russia out of WW1
 * January 18th, 1918: Lenin dissolves the Constituent Assembly
 * Cheka, or secret police, created
 * Russian Civil War & The Red Terror occur
 * Lenin imposes War Communism
 * 1919: Establishment of the Comintern
 * 1921: New Economic Plan introduced, ending War Communism
 * 1921: Krondstadt Revolt at the naval base is suppressed by Communists
 * 1922
 * USSR is created (United Soviet Socialist Republics a.k.a. The Soviet Union)

**Terms for Russia**
(//These terms are defined and explained. If you want a blank copy of the terms, look at the bottom of the page//) Liquidation of the Kulaks- When Stalin goes and kills the people that got rich off the NEP.
 * Bolsheviks**- Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks were a communist party. They had the slogan "Peace, Land and Bread" which was targeted to answer Russia's crisis. In October 1917, they change their slogan to "All power to the soviets" and since Lenin is unchallenged as a leader, he decides in November 6th to continue the revolution.
 * Mensheviks**- The Mensheviks were similar to the Bolsheviks in that they wanted change but they were different because the Mensheviks thought that the time was incorrect and the standards had not been met for a revolution to happen.
 * Lenin**- He returned to Russia in 1917 from exile and tries to lead a revolution. He was head of the Bolsheviks (which, at the time, had a core of supporters in the factories and the army). The Germans even gave Lenin transport and financial aid in hope that he would withdraw Russia from the war (he eventually did). He wanted to give all the power to the Soviets and nationalize land. The Social Democrats became known as communists and at the same time, the Mensheviks and Social revolutionaries reject his plan. In the middle of July 1917, when soldiers start to desert in large numbers, Lenin tries to get power but it fails and he retreats to Finland. His second attempt in 1917 was a great opportunity because Russia had basically fallen and was looking for something new. The slogan attracted many people and Lenin eventually led 200,000 people to go claim Russia. He was an opportunist and he did not make the revolution; he only picked it up. He was born as Vladimir Ilish Ulyanov. His genius was in his ability to capitalize on war-weariness and pragamatism.
 * Stalin**- He became the leader after Lenin and ruled with a crazy hammer. Lenin's authoritarian system allowed the totalitarian regime of Stalin. (Napoleon of Animal Farm)
 * NEP (New Economy Plan)**- Through the mass discontent and failure of the war communism, it leads to the creation of the NEP. Lenin created the new economic plan that focused more on agriculture and not industry. The main idea of this was that it allowed little private wealth, it added capitalism for farmers. After this is incorporated, things actually start to begin to get better in Russia.
 * Cheka**- This was a secret police organization that Lenin reinstated. They shot upper and middle class people if they were against the revolution. They were engaged in the civil war and red terror in Lenin's use of force to control the country.
 * War Communism** - Beginning in 1918, Lenin's economic reorganization of Russia included nationalization of banks and industries, abolishment of private property, legal rights for women, and universal compulsory education.
 * Treaty of Brest- Litovsk**- This was the treaty made between Germany and Russia (by Lenin) that Russia agreed to leave the war and give up a lot of its land, people, industry and other stuff. This brought Russia out of the war. It was part of his "Bread, Land, Peace" slogan, and he sacrificed land that in reality he could not control.
 * Red Terror**- This is when the Cheka decide to go kill mad people against the revolution.
 * "Bread, Land, Peace"**- This was the Bolshevik's first slogan and it lured people because it promised people what they wanted.
 * Nicholas II**- He was the leader of Russia (the Tsar) who failed because he could not lead his country. He served in the front lines instead of paying attention at home and eventually abdicated his throne. Through the Revolution of 1905, he maintains control by allowing the Duma to be formed which splits the moderates and socialists, therefore keeping him on the throne. With the decline of political fervor, he eventually dissolves the first Duma.
 * Rasputin and Alexandra**- Rasputin was thought of as a "miracle" worker by the Tsar and his wife because he was able to cure their child. Because of this, Rasputin was highly thought of and was even able to influence the Tsar's decisions. Because of his position, he and Alexandra dismissed strong generals and officials. This ultimately led to a inefficient army. He was then killed in December 1916 by nobles.
 * The Provisional Government**- Declared by the Duma, the Provisional Government was a caretaker administration until the Constituent Assembly could be elected. The Provisional Government gave Russia freedom in 1917 and they shared power under the dual power system with the Soviets. They also refused to take permanent action on major issues until the assembly was elected (this probably led to many problems as the Prov. Gov.t couldn't do anything). They ultimately wanted to keep Russia in the war in order to gain Bosporus, Constantinople and Dardanelles. Furthermore, their inability to call an assembly hindered their ability to find out what was happening in Russia. This being so, the people began to lose the little faith they had due to the horrid economy as well as the high number of deaths. Alexander Kerensky (a leftist) eventually became head of the Provisional Government and so he basically gets power to a dead country.
 * The Duma**- The Duma was dismissed on March 11, 1917 by the Tsar but they held their ground. By March 12th, the next day, the Duma meet and declare the Provisional Government.
 * Social Democrats**- Another name for the communists or Bolsheviks. They split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
 * General Lavr Kornilov**- This man tried to help the government by sending his troops to the capital to help stop the revolution but Kerensky and the Soviet thought that it was a counterrevolutionary move and they destroy it (this hinders the government in the end).
 * Kerensky**- He eventually became the leader of the Provisional Government
 * "All power to the soviets"**- The second slogan that the Bolsheviks used when they had gotten more control in Russia.
 * Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee**- This committee took control of communications and police in Petrograd when the Bolsheviks got power.
 * Constituent Assembly**- The assembly was Russia's last hope at a democracy and it was dissolved in January 18, 1918.
 * The Whites**- These were Anti-Bolsheviks who fought fragmented with the help of the Allies (kinda unintentionally). The Whites were supported by the Allies because they feared that the Bolsheviks were in conspiracy with Germany and they wanted the Whites to continue the war effort.
 * The Politburo-** The small group of elites of Lenin's regime. Set Communist Party agenda. Controlled Party activity, and in extension all of the USSR.
 * Bloody Sunday (Cossacks)**- In January 22, 1905, Cossacks opened fire on a peaceful crowd of workers in St. Petersburg. A strike then breaks out and they want democratic republic, political freedom and more.
 * October Manifesto 1905**- This promised "freedom of person, conscience, assembly, and union". It created the Duma and split the moderate and socialist opposition (which helped to keep Nicholas II on the throne). It also extended voting rights.
 * Peter Stolypin**- Was the prime minister appointed by Nicholas. Stolypin assumes emergency power and hunts down radicals. He developed a class of farmers by abolishing all payments owed by peasants, opened lands east of Urals, extended financial aid from the state and permitted them to withdraw from the commune and claim their share of land. He was then killed in 1911 by a Socialist revolutionary.
 * Kadets**- These were people in the Russian Constitutional Democracy. It was founded in 1905 and they wanted a constitutional government that would guarantee universal suffrage, freedom of speech, a popularly elected legislature, an independent judiciary, and a system of social welfare. They were most of the first Duma but were eventually declared illegal when the Bolsheviks took power.
 * Kulaks**- These were farmers who were pretty well off. They began to emerge after Stolypin changed the economy to better it for the peasants. They also got more money and began to live better through Lenin's NEP.
 * Communism**- It takes over Russia. duh.
 * Marxism**- Lenin was influenced by Marxism (basically communism).
 * Second Revolution, 1917** - The November Revolution. The fall of the Provisional Government to the Bolsheviks.
 * Soviets** - Councils, part of a system of governmental bureaucracy with many levels of soviets, the highest being controlled by Lenin.
 * USSR** - The Soviet Union, or United Soviet Socialist Republics. Established by Russia in 1922.

__Timeline:__

 * 1911
 * People in China see Manchu concessions to West after WWI as weakness, leads to many demonstrations and ultimately abdication of Manchu ruler - who should now have power?
 * 1912-1916
 * Yuan Shikai rules China (Sun Yat-sen, after leading revolutionary movement, steps aside)
 * 1915
 * Yuan Shikai agrees to Japan's 21 Demands, making Chinese very unhappy. After proclaiming himself emperor in 1916, demonstrations begin but Yuan dies before reaching a resolution
 * 1916-1926
 * Warlords rule China
 * CCP and GMD unite to fight against warlords; temporary coalition!
 * 1918
 * The Bolshevik Revolution attracts attention in China and Mao joined a Marxist study group at a University
 * 1919
 * May 4th: A massive student demonstration broke out in Beijing to protest against Japan (encroachment and Paris Peace Conference)
 * Gave way to the May Fourth Movement that helped to promote new ideas
 * The Comintern was founded by Russia and China sought their help (even though it was a dumb idea)
 * Sun Yat-Sen comes back into the picture, founds the GMD and leads China with the nationalist party
 * 1921
 * Mao helps to organize the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
 * 1927
 * The White Terror (the GMD turns against the CCP and kill thousands of Communists in the cities)
 * 1934
 * Chang Kai-shek forces communists on exodus known as the Long March
 * 1937-1945
 * CCP and GMD unite again to fight Japanese (during WWI)

**Terms for China**
(//These terms are defined and explained. If you want a blank copy of the terms, look at the bottom of the page//)  **Hu Shi** **-** (Primary source reading from unit reader) Advocated acceptance of Western modernization, criticized Chinese feeling of superiority for a more "spiritual" lifestyle, claims Chinese equivalate rural, primitive system w/ spirituality. Attributes Western progress to empahsis on material comfort and seeing value of life in pursuit of happiness
 * Manchu Dynasty** - The last dynasty leading China, before the Communist Revolution. The Manchus were considered outsiders by most Han (Chinese).
 * Sun Yatsen** - Leader of the GMD in the 1911 Revolution.
 * Yuan Shikai** - A general under the Manchus, Yuan convinced the royal family to abdicate. He gained control of the country after the 1911 revolution, and tried to re-establish the monarch by dissolving the Parliament. He died shortly after.
 * 1911 Revolution** - The revolution by the Revolutionary Alliance to overthrow the Manchu dynasty.
 * May 4th Movement** - May 4th, 1919. Students protest over the land granted to Japan by the Paris Peace Conference; Mao is involved. Anti-foreign, and anti-traditionalist.
 * GMD/Guomindang/Kuomintang/Nationalist Party** -Party formed by Sun Yatsen in 1919. Nationalist, capitalist agenda.
 * 21 Demands** - Demands by the Japanese for land from the Treaty of Versailles.
 * Warlords** - From 1916-1929, local warlords controlled China after Yuan's death. When Chiang Kai-shek took power, though he technically he unified the country he ruled through warlords in many areas.
 * CCP/CPC/Communist Party** - Chinese Communist Party founded in 1921 under several leaders, including Mao Zedong. Many of the leaders did not fully understand communism in the party's beginning. They formed an alliance with the GMD in the mid 1920s to defeat Chinese warlords and again in 1935 to fight the Japanese, but in times of division experienced persecution from the GMD. After the Chinese Civil War, the CCP acts as the ruling party of China, with Mao as the leader. The CCP often sought advice from Russia through the Comintern, but Russian advice proved to be detrimental and ended under Stalin's rule.
 * Mao ZeDong** -Leader of the CCP, and leader of China after the CCP victory in the Chinese Civil War.
 * Comintern** - Established 1919 in Russia to support worldwide Communist rebellions; provided aid/advice to China.
 * Chiang Kai Shek** - Successor of Sun Yatsen as leader of the GMD, his party united with the CCP until he ordered a violent split in 1927.
 * Shanghai Massacre** - The 1927 massacre of CCP members by the GMD.
 * Green Gangs** - Killers hired by Chiang to hunt down CCP members during the White Terror.
 * White Terror** - A period from 1927-1930ish during which members of the CCP were murdered by the Nationalist Party (GMD)
 * Lu Xun** - A revolutionary writer who saw the West as both an inspiration and an oppressive imperialist force.
 * Long March** - The result of Chiang's attack on the CCP in the Jiangxi soviet/province, forcing the Communists to trek to a new base. During the march thousands died, and Mao emerged as leader of the CCP.
 * 3 People Principles** (Sun Yatsen) - 3 principles for the new Chinese state, as enumerated by Sun Yatsen:
 * 1) Government OF the People: Nationalism ~ Freedom from foreign oppression and imperialism.
 * 2) Government BY the People: Democracy
 * 3) Government FOR the People: Socialism
 * Nationalism. Democracy. Livelihood.
 * Mao Zedong Thought-** Mao's interpretation of Marxism-Leninism, putting emphasis on identifying with the masses, among other differences

__Timeline:__

 * 1885
 * Indian National Congress is established
 * 1906
 * Muslim League is formed within the Indian National Congress
 * 1915
 * Ghandi returns to India from South Africa to support the movement for independence
 * The Constructive Program is implemented
 * 1918
 * Government of India Act 1918 is passed
 * 1919
 * The Rowlatt Acts are passed
 * The Rowlatt Acts lead to the Amritsar Protest and Massacre
 * 1920s (no specific date)
 * Ghandi leads The Salt March
 * 1931
 * The Indian National Congress passes a Bill of Rights for equal rights regardless of religion, sex, or caste
 * 1935
 * The Government of India Act 1935 is passed
 * 1937
 * India holds first democratic elections, thanks to Government of India Act 1935
 * 1947
 * India gains independence

**Terms for India**
(//These terms are defined and explained. If you want a blank copy of the terms, look at the bottom of the page//) **Government of India Act 1918** - Established a dual system of government of India with the British and Indians, but the British still hold the majority of the power **Government of India Act 1935** - Grants India autonomy, ending the dual form of government established by the Government of India Act 1918. Introduces direct elections for the first time in Indian history.
 * Mohandas Gandhi** - The leader of India's revolution, he was trained as a lawyer in England, practiced law in South Africa in defense of Indians there, before eventually moving back to India and leading the struggle for home rule.
 * Home Rule** - The status Indians petitioned for from Britain; similar to that held by Canada and Australia.
 * Rowlatt Act** - 1920. Comprable to the Patriot Act in the US's history, these acts were in response to the Indian request for home rule and gave enormous powers to Britain, including censorship of the press and the right to jail anyone seen as a rebel.
 * Muslim League** - Subgroup among the Indian National Congress that spoke for Muslim rights. Led by Jinnah
 * Muhammad Ali Jinnah** - lead the Muslim League, believed that Hindus and Muslims could not co-exist peacefully
 * Hindus and Muslims** - During the time of India's revolution from the British, Muslims also struggled in the Hindu-dominated country for right and representation, eventally petitioning to be granted their own country, Pakistan.
 * Indian National Congress** - Established in 1885, the National Congress was a nationalist organization to speak to the British about Indian issues. It was dominated by
 * Civil Disobedience** - The strategy used by Ghandi of peacefully resisting unjust laws in order to change them.
 * Indian Independence** - Granted in 1947
 * Amritzar Massacre** - 1920. The killing of hundreds of peaceful protesters protesting the Rowlatt Acts, under the pretext of an illegal meeting of a large group of people. This was ordered by Reginald Dyer and began Ghandi's civil disobedience campaign.
 * Salt March** - Ghandi and his followers marched to the sea and panned for salt, which was illegal, as civil disobedience against British rule.
 * Dharasana Salt Works** - Ghandi and his followers marched to the salt works with the aim of raiding it. They were met by armed guards and, though unarmed, were beaten upon trying to enter the salt works.
 * Constructive Program** - Related to Ghandi's ashrams, the goal of the Constructive Program was to encourage Indian villages to become self-sufficient by taking up crafts, breeding cattle to improve the economy, and improving hygene.
 * Self-Rule** - See Home Rule [?] [yeah, same thing]
 * Reginald Dyer** - The British general who ordered the Amritsar Massacre and was consequently fired.
 * Ashram** - model communities created by Gandhi that are reactionary, self sufficient
 * Jawaharlal Nehru** - Nehru was a friend and fellow nationalist of Ghandi. He became the first Indian prime minister upon achiving Indian independence.
 * Bal Bangadhar** - Pro Hindu Nationalist. Anti-Muslim sentiments. Advocated the use of violence to overthrow British and remove Muslims.

**Jammin Japan**
aka. you only need to know the 21 Demands, as they relate to China...
 * Note: Japan Will not be featured on the Comparative Revolutions Unit in much depth.

Osachi Hamaguchi**: Prime Minister of Japan 1929, but couldn’t meet demands of people, was shot** Genro: **Old men that controlled Japan’s politics until 1918, when most of them died** Hara Takashi: **Prime minister of Japan from 1918-1921** Hamaguchi Yuko: **prime minister of Japan after 1930, represented hopes of liberalism, but was shot, never recovered** 21 Demands: **Presented to China by Japanese gov’t, which demanded territory and influence of Japanese in china**

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Important Terms for the Unit
(//Here is the list for you to copy without definitions//) Terms for Russia Bolsheviks Mensheviks Lenin Stalin NEP (New Economy Plan) Kulaks Cheka War Communism Treaty of Brest- Litovsk USSR Red Terror Communism Cultural Nationalism Nicholas II "Bread, Land, Peace" Marxism Rasputin and Alexandra The Provisional Government The Duma Russian Revoltuion 1917 Soviets Social Democrats General Lavr Kornilov Kerensky "All power to the soviets" Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee Constituent Assembly The Whites the Politburo Bloody Sunday (Cossacks) October Manifesto 1905 Peter Stolypin**
 * Revolution

Terms for China Sun Yatsen Yuan Shikai 1911 Revolution May 4th Movement GMD/Kuomintang/Nationalist Party 21 Demands Warlords CCP/CPC/Communist Party Mao ZeDong Comintern Chiang Kai Shek Shanghai Massacre Green Gangs White Terror Lu Xun Long March 3 People Principles (Sun Yatsen)**
 * Manchu Dynasty

Terms for India Rowlatt Act Government of India Act 1918 Muslim League Muhammad Ali Jinnah Hindus and Muslims Indian National Congress Civil Disobedience Indian Independence Amritzar Massacre Salt March Dharasana Salt Works Government of India Act 1935 Constructive Program Self-Rule Reginald Dyer Ashram Jawaharlal Nehru Bal Bangadhar**
 * Mohandas Gandhi